China s sex ratio. Sex Composition by Region .

China s sex ratio Nov 16, 2017 · We thank Xiaobo Zhang for providing us with the sex ratio data. In 2000, the sex ratio at birth in rural areas was 121. Using data from China’s censuses and inter-census surveys since 2000, we devised a decomposition method and examined the changes in provincial composition of births (PCB Jan 17, 2025 · Sex ratio in China 2023, by age group + Demographics. In the last several decades, China’s sex ratio at birth has steadily Feb 24, 2025 · National Bureau of Statistics of China. In 2010, China’s sex ratio at premarital and marriageable ages was 1. 8 million undercounted births (i. Although scattered historical statistics indicate that China has had a traditionally male-biased sex ratio, the sex ratio at birth was relatively stable and was only marginally higher than western countries from the foundation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 to the beginning of the one-child policy in 1979, except the 1956–1958 birth cohort We find that China's high sex ratios are associated with greater risk-taking, greater impatience and greater neuroticism amongst males. 460 for those over 65. This is down from a high of 118 male to 100 female births from 2002 to 2008. Formula: ([Population ages 0-15] ÷ [Population ages 16-64]) × 100. China has had a prolonged high SRB beyond 107 since the 1980s. A distorted sex ratio will result in many social problems. Latvia's ratio is 86. 22 In a similar vein, Cameron et al. China's stringent fertility policy implemented in the 1980s caused one of the most rapid fertility declines in recorded human history, as well as a severe sex-ratio imbalance involving a male We exploit the exogenous geographic variation in China’s sex-ratio introduced by the One Child Policy to identify the relationship between sex-ratios and crime. China Q 2015;222:295–319. Oct 27, 2008 · The sex ratio of migrant children is as high as 163 male births per 100 female births, and the later in the birth order, the higher the sex ratio for the child, i. (Those Feb 4, 2021 · The sex ratio at birth (SRB) in China began to rise rapidly in the 1980s and declined after 2009. May 11, 2021 · The sex ratio (female=100, male to female) was 105. The sex ratio at birth was 111. The percentage of the male population is 50. Age Composition. Distribution of the Chinese population 1950-2024, by gender. especially for Azerbaijan and China, where, by 1990, the sex ratio among children had already reached the record value of 110. (2019) finds that China's high sex ratios resulted in greater financial The sex ratio for 10-year-olds in 2000 is similar to the sex ratio at birth (SRB) in 1990 at 111. 07 in 1962. 33 The authors argue that the one-child policy led some parents to postpone the registration of daughters (making them appear "missing"), but that Jan 21, 2025 · That has been the biggest factor in China’s lopsided sex ratio, with as many as millions more boys born, raising the possibility of social instability among China’s army of bachelors. 10. This paper examines the channels via which China’s highly skewed sex ratio has driven recent large increases in the crime rate. Countries with the Lowest Sex Ratio: Nov 9, 2023 · China. Jan 17, 2025 · In 2024, the sex ratio of the total population in China ranged at approximately 104. Like most other sexual species, the sex ratio in humans tends to be one to one. 07. 15 1. Sex ratio at birth (male births per female births) in China was reported at 1. 3 The estimated “shortage of women The World Population Dashboard showcases global population data, including fertility rate, gender parity in school enrolment, information on sexual and reproductive health, and much more. However, the sex ratio drops to 103 for 20-year-olds in 2010, with an additional 4. China Population and Development Research Center (CPDRC) has, with the support of the UNFPA China Office, prompted a review of China's response to its skewed SRB. Without human intervention, the sex ratio at birth is Nov 16, 2017 · We thank Xiaobo Zhang for providing us with the sex ratio data. Aug 25, 2015 · China’s sex ratio at birth was skewed before 1960, normal during 1960–85 and skewed again after 1985. Nov 24, 2021 · For rural areas, the 1. The article also benefited from comments from two anonymous referees and participants at the 2014 University of New South Wales Workshop in Experimental Methods for Social Science and Business; 2015 Shanghai Applied Economics Workshop at Shanghai University of Finance and Economics; 6th Workshop on the Economics of Health and Based on Chinese census data, Shi and Kennedy (2016) argue that the skew in China's sex ratio is not the result of selective abortion practices, but much more the result of administrative anomalies. Crime rates in China have increased dramatically - from 7. 25%) in 2005. 9 in the 1950s, 107. Still, as of 2021, China had a huge overall sex imbalance of around 30 million more men than women. Notes. Sex Composition by Region . 5 boys more than the urban area. On the one hand, China has the highest sex ratios for the longest duration and the most affected population in the world. Apr 18, 2018 · In China and India, men outnumber women by 70 million. 17 in 2007 and a minimum value of 1. 53 points lower than the ratio of 118. 2. Web of Science, Google Scholar; Edlund, L, H Li, J Yi and J Zhang [2013] Sex ratios and crime: Evidence from China, Review of Economics and Statistics, 95 (5), 1520–1534. 694 males per 100 females. Today, there are about 116 boys born for every 100 girls born – a ratio much higher than the global one, 107 boys for every 100 girls. China’s excess males, sex selective abortion and one child policy: analysis of data from 2005 national intercensus survey. 25 Sex ratio 1970 1975 1980 1985 Census, and China’s 1982 Two- per-Thousand-Population Fertility Control survey data. Oct 30, 2014 · Collapse 81 High sex ratio in China: Causes and consequences Notes. The sex ratio of the marriageable population aged 20-29 was more than 110 in 2021 (see Figure 3), which made it more difficult for males to find partners, especially in China where same-sex Aug 1, 2021 · China provides a valuable test case of the impact of sex ratios on mental health. 4) of the rise in criminality. 00 by marriageable age (Row-land 2003). Methods Data from China’s National Maternal Near Miss Surveillance System between 2012 and 2015 were used. May 1, 2016 · China's sex ratio at birth (defined as the ratio of the number of boys to that of girls) is one of the highest in the world. A Lopsided Sex Ratio The decline in China’s fertility rate has been accompanied by a massive sex imbalance. Three direct causes have led to the imbal May 20, 2024 · In 2020, China’s sex ratio at birth (SRB) stood at 111. Nov 30, 2024 · The age distribution of China's population by five-year age groups in 2023 demonstrates that there are more females than males in the population for all age groups below 60 to 64 years. Jan 27, 2017 · China's sex ratio has been skewed by a traditional preference for boys. However, we show through historical, domestic and international comparisons that son preference, which we treat as an observable and measurable variable made up of labour, ritual China’s sex ratio at birth is the most imbalanced in the world, with only 87 girls born per 100 boys. , the sex ratio is 1. Table 4-1 Sex Composition by Region Mar 14, 2025 · Sex ratio in China in 2023, by province or region (female = 100) Basic Statistic Female life expectancy in China 1960-2050 Sex ratio at birth in China China’s sex ratio at birth (SRB) has been unbalanced since around 1980. That has been the biggest factor in China's lopsided sex ratio, with as many as millions more boys born, raising the possibility of social instability among China's army of bachelors. China’s continued economic and Aug 1, 2021 · China provides a valuable test case of the impact of sex ratios on mental health. 00 by marriageable age ( Rowland 2003 ). If both the husband and wife of one couple were the only child of their parents, they were allowed to have two children in policy (BTCP). Feb 20, 2025 · China’s alarming sex imbalance The data reveal that the sex ratio—the number of men for every 100 women—among men aged 23-37 and women aged 22-36 will hit a peak of 119 by 2027. The numbers here come from UNFPA and fellow UN agencies, and are updated annually. As Chinese families generally favored sons over daughters The sex ratio (the number of males for each female in a population) at birth was 118. Aug 3, 2022 · With the increasing economic foundation of marriage and the unbalanced sex ratio in China, the sexual health and psychological well-being of such disadvantaged social groups is a significant issue. By the time the One-Child Policy was launched, China’s fertility rate was already at 2. The sex ratios at birth have been increasing steadily The genealogy data is fromWang (2008), which documented a catalog of genealogies. A law introduced by the State Council in 2012 increased paid maternity leave to 14 weeks , and in some provinces, an entire year. In future studies on sexuality in China, more research from the socio-demographic and stratification approaches will be fruitful. Friday's report gave the sex imbalance as 104. Dec 12, 2016 · Objective The accuracy of a population-based sex ratio at birth (SRB) in China has long been questioned. 75. Definition: Sex ratio at birth refers to male births per Dec 5, 2022 · While China continues to have a skewed sex ratio at birth – 112 male births per 100 female births, as of 2021 – this is down slightly from a high of 118 male births per 100 female births between 2002 and 2008. Recent sex ratio at birth in China Quanbao Jiang,1 Cuiling Zhang2 Original research To cite: Jiang Q, Zhang C. • Li, Hongbin, Junjian Yi and Junsen Zhang, “Estimating the Effect of the One- Child Policy on Sex Ratio Imbalance in China: Identification Based on the Difference-in-Differences,” Demography 48(4), November 2011, pp. 1 The 2010 China National Population Census shows that China’s sex ratio at birth stood at 121. Globally, only 40 percent of women reach this level of education. This trend was found in different provinces and between different parities. Despite a general waning Du, J, Y Wang and Y Zhang [2015] Sex imbalance, marital matching and intra-household bargaining: Evidence from China, China Economic Review, 35, 197–218. doi:10. This study, using a mixed-methods approach, seeks to address what the temporal changes and regional differences in SRB and the gender preferences are in China, whether and why son preference persists, how people Nov 20, 2015 · China’s one-child policy likely contributed to one of the most skewed sex ratios in the world. Among 31 provinces, there are 2 provinces with a sex ratio below 100, 17 provinces between 100 and 105, 9 provinces between 105 and 110, and 3 provinces above 110. 8 compared with that in 2010. China's sex ratio at birth is the most imbalanced in the world, with only 87 girls born per 100 boys. After that, Two-Child Policy was introduced and gradually liberalized at three stages. The government of China has committed to redress the distortions in SRB and has initiated multiple actions to accomplish that end. Quite often this difference between men and women is quite large. 2 Newborn boys outnumbered girls by approximately 20 %. Goodkind D. The sex composition of China continued to improve. BMJ 2009;338:b1211. 4 and Macau having the highest of this group, with 88. II. 2 1. 80 for the second birth, peaking at 1. Sex ratios in the one-to-five age group in Mainland China in 2005. Aug 22, 2022 · Sex imbalance is a big problem in China. 400. [2] The sex imbalance in some rural areas is higher, at 130 boys to 100 girls. In China, it’s almost the opposite. 3, down by 6. These underlying behavioural impacts explain some part of the increase in criminality. The sex ratio in China in 2025 will be 103. Gain insights on population sex ratio imbalance and recommendations for future studies. A sex ratio of about 105 males per 100 females at birth is considered biologically normal. 22 for the age group 15-19. May 19, 2021 · In 2013, Qingyuan Du and I showed that a rise in China’s male-female ratio may have contributed to between one-third and one-half of the increase in its trade surplus with other countries. 89%) of 2000, but 0. However, we show through historical, domestic and international comparisons that son preference, which we treat as an observable and measurable variable made up of labour, ritual, inheritance and old-age security practices and policies, is crucial to explaining the imbalanced sex ratio at birth. 1970-1987 data source: YANG Shuzhang, WANG Guangzhou (2006), Fertility Decline and Imbalance of Sex Ratio under Birth Control[J], Market & Demographic Analysis, No 4, 2006: 18-28. 12 as of 2020. The claim that China’s fertility restrictions contributed to the use of prenatal sex selection: A sceptical reappraisal. The ratio has maintained a downward trend since 2009, but is still higher than the normal level. Aug 27, 2011 · The Chinese political icon Mao Zedong once said “women hold up half the sky”. 14%) in 2010, higher than the 116. 4. Feb 19, 2011 · Sex ratios in areas with a “1. 4×4/82. 52 for the first birth and rises steeply to 1. The results show that for one-child families, an additional child significantly increased school enrollment of first-born children by approximately Moreover, our findings support the assumption of a previous study that argued that relaxation of the one-child policy would reduce the male to female sex ratio at birth. 21 boys to 100 girls. The sex ratio (female=100, male to female) was 105. Aug 13, 2019 · China’s sex ratio at birth (SRB) has drawn much attention, but contributions of individual provinces to the high national SRB have been neglected in the literature despite marked regional differences across the country. 91, around 108 males for every 100 females, according to the China Statistical Yearbook 2021. Males tend to have higher mortality than females during younger ages, resulting in a sex ratio of approximately 1. In India there are also marked regional differences • Sex selection is most prevalent in rural areas, particularly those that are very traditional; • The reasons behind China’s imbalanced sex ratio are complex, which will have a significant impact on critical socio-demographic issues in the future; • Both comprehensive programme implementation by the Government and participation of 3In the 1953 China population census, sex ratio at age 0 was 104. e. Population of China: today, historical, and projected population, growth rate, immigration, median age. If only one of them was the only child, they were allowed to have two Gender ratio of China’s population at birth, 1972–2019 (female = 100) []. 6, closely trailed by Ukraine with 86. 6 Scholars have linked China’s skewed sex ratio to son preference and patriarchal traditions emphasizing the role of sons in elder care and lineage (Coale and Banister 1994; Ebenstein 2014; Ebenstein and Leung 2010; Jayachandran 2015). All three ratios are commonly multiplied by 100. 4China’s one-child policy was established in 1978 and the enforcement remains strong as of 2008. Friday’s report gave the sex imbalance as 104. China is now faced with a serious threat of the sky crashing down. The normal sex ratio at birth is between 102 to 107 boys per 100 girls. 5 males for every 100 females. We observe that the increase in rural–urban migration has coincided with a high and growing sex ratio. 83 Women and Feb 1, 2025 · As the high sex-ratio birth cohorts grew up and entered the marriage market over the past decades, gender imbalance at birth gradually translated into an imbalance in premarital cohorts. As the graph below shows, over the past 58 years this indicator reached a maximum value of 1. 07, basically the same level with a slight decline compared with that in 2010. All the other one’s have more men than women. 05 1. Provincial composition of births, parity composition by province, and sex ratio at birth by parity in each province all affect the national SRB. 15 Additionally, our results are also consistent with recent downward trends in the sex ratio at birth in China, Statistical Monitoring Report of the China Children’s Nov 24, 2024 · Hong Kong registers a sex ratio of 85. Zhu WX, Li L, Hesketh T. 7 boys born for every 100 girls ( Li, 2007 ). There are three types of age dependency ratio: Youth, Elderly, and Total. Explore fertility programs and predictions from 2015-2050. This will affect future marriage patterns and fertility patterns. Against a background of economic development, accelerating Dec 28, 2019 · Sex ratio at birth (male births per female births) The value for Sex ratio at birth (male births per female births) in China was 1. 68 million more males than females, the 2nd highest in the world after India. However, this sex ratio at birth is defined as the number of male live births per 100 female births. According to the 2010 Chinese census, the sex ratio at birth has climbed during the past three decades to an alarming 118 boys born for every 100 girls, the highest sex imbalance in the world. 91%, compared to 49. 3 males to 100 females. 59 (54. Data tables, maps, charts, and live population clock. The sex ratio of China's population varies significantly across age groups. May 11, 2022 · In 2015, China's sex ratio at birth dropped to 114. The figure was about 103 in urban areas. "Sex Ratio in The Age Group 0 to 4 Years in China from 2013 to 2023 (Female=100). Surprisingly, China’s sex ratios started to rise in 1980, when costs of sex selection were high, and moreover when fertility was relatively flat (Figure 1b). Only 10% of Chinese prefectures have more women than men. In 2021, China's official census report showed a sex ratio of 112 male to 100 female births, compared to a global average of 105 or 106 male to 100 female births. In 2024, the sex ratio of the total population in China ranged at approximately 104. The imbalance Feb 21, 2019 · 5 The sex ratio at birth is defined as the number of boys born per 100 girls. 5 between 1960 and 1969, and 106. Discover the impact of China's two-child policy on population structure and aging trends. The positive relationship between the 16–25 weighted sex ratio and crime is evident in the bivariate Aug 19, 2011 · The Increase in Sex Ratio in China. 4 Roughly 7 out of every 107 men could be unable to find a local marriage partner. [3] The male-to-female ratio is at the highest point of 117. China has also taken strides to improve postnatal care. For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and infanticide due to a strong preference for sons. To view, please visit the journal Recent sex ratio at birth in China Quanbao Jiang,1 Cuiling Zhang2 Original research To cite: Jiang Q, Zhang C. The sex imbalance thus likely underpins an important source of tension between China and the US. In fact, China’s gender ratio at birth was relatively high among all countries across the world from 2007 to 2019, making China a country with typically more men than women. 4%, suggesting that higher sex ratios can account for one-seventh (3. 4 billion-strong nation reported a sex ratio last year of 107. • The ultrasound hypothesis (Chen, Li and Meng, 2013) Nov 16, 2017 · We find that China's high sex ratios are associated with greater risk-taking, greater impatience and greater neuroticism amongst males. In China, only Tibet and Xinjiang have a balanced sex ratio for people younger than 20 years. 3 males per 100 females, while Russia reports a sex ratio 86. (1998), average sex ratio at age 0 was 106. Feb 1, 2025 · In this paper, we propose a new motive for migration – gender imbalance. 06 boys to every 100 girls (54. Youth Dependency Ratio Definition: population ages 0-15 divided by the population ages 16-64. 1 At the same time, large cohorts of \surplus" males are reaching adulthood. China has 25. Why? Figure 1: Sex ratios, GDP and Fertility in China: 1970-2000 Land reform and One Child Policy started 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1 1. To view, please visit the journal In 2023, the gender ratio in different regions in China varied greatly, from around 113. However, there has been a decline trend of son preference, as a result of socio-economic development and policy advocacy on gender equality and girls' value. Elderly dependency ratio Loh C, Remick EJ. . Jan 25, 2019 · Abstract For decades, China's sex ratio at birth (SRB) has risen significantly. 3 The highly skewed sex ratios in China are mainly due to the One-Child Policy (OCP). China’s sex ratio at birth, once it is standardized by birth order, fell between 2000 3. China has more males than females aged below 55 years. Together, these data shine a light on the health and rights of people around the world, especially women and young people. 1 1. 34 men to every 100 women, though independent groups give the imbalance as considerably higher. Around 56 percent of Chinese women move onto tertiary education. Sex ratio of young people 320 M. To depict a more accurate profile, the present study used data from a national surveillance system for health facility births to explore the characteristics of SRB in China. With 113. 86 (53. Edlund and others (2007), exploiting time variation in the introduction of China s one-child policy to estimate the impact of high sex ratios on crime rates, nd that the rising sex ratio explains a third of China s recent increase in crime rates. Jan 1, 2023 · As an unintended consequence of the One-Child Policy (OCP) implemented in China in 1979, the sex ratio at birth increased rapidly from 1. 3, still exhibiting a notable bias. THE WORLD BANK ECONOMIC REVIEW. 1017/S0305741015000375 [Google Scholar] 36. Mar 31, 2015 · The media and generalist scholarly work have created a conventional wisdom that China's one-child policy is the driver of the country's skewed sex ratio and so should be relaxed in order to ameliorate the imbalance. Population experts have estimated that the imbalance over the past 30 years has resulted in between 24 million and 34 The Challenge of Normalizing Sex Ratio at Birth in China: A Long-Term Endeavor Abstract Data from the Seventh Census reveals that the sex ratio at birth (SRB) in China remains skewed, with predominant contributors shifting from rural to urban areas and from second births to first births. Son preference ranks as the most essential and fundamental reason for the skewed SRB. Climbing just above 88, we find Lithuania with a sex ratio of 88. May 11, 2021 · Figure 4-1 Sex Composition of the National Population. of crime with respect to the 16–25 sex ratio of 3. Local sex-ratios in China are largely a result of the stringency with which the One Child Policy (OCP) has been implemented - which varies substantially across the country in a way This paper exploits plausibly exogenous changes in family size caused by relaxations in China's One Child Policy to estimate the causal effect of family size on school enrollment of the first child. China's sex ratio cannot fully normalize without Nov 26, 2024 · In Japan, every prefecture has slightly more women than men. May 27, 2020 · Background The One-Child Policy led to the imbalance of the sex ratio at birth (SRB) in China. China’s Sex Ratio and Crime: Behavioural Change or Financial Necessity?. The article also benefited from comments from two anonymous referees and participants at the 2014 University of New South Wales Workshop in Experimental Methods for Social Science and Business; 2015 Shanghai Applied Economics Workshop at Shanghai University of Finance and Economics; 6th Workshop on the Economics of Health and born for every 100 girls, the highest sex imbalance in the world. Gender distribution in China 2023, by region + Economy. 4 per ten thousand people in 1982 to 47. Nov 15, 2024 · Data from the Seventh Population Census reveals that the sex ratio at birth (SRB) in China remains skewed, with predominant contributors shifting from rural to urban areas and from second births to first births. 5. 82 Gender and family Notes. It would take another two decades of draconian rules under the One-Child Policy for fertility rates to decrease to the current rate of 1. 8 per ten thousand in 2014. 8 boys to 100 girls in rural regions, approximately 2. 1136/ bmjgh-2021-005438 Handling editor Sanni Yaya Additional supplemental material is published online only. The men-to-women ratio is 106. Estimating the Effect of the One-Child Policy on the Sex Dec 11, 2020 · China is faced with a huge gender imbalance, with the male population exceeding the female population by more than 30 million, data from China's National Bureau of Statistics shows. 6. 0 in the 1970s. Both nations are belatedly trying to come to grips with the policies that created this male-heavy generation Sex ratio at birth in China China's sex ratio at birth (SRB) has been unbalanced since around 1980. , 15 Oct 2024, https: Local Moran’s Index of the child sex ratio in China using 2000 census county-level data and found some important regional features of the child sex ratio across the country. 106 in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. 1535-1557. According to Ma et al. Apr 5, 2019 · 推荐人： 华中科技大学管理学院 何凡 原文信息： Cameron L, Meng X, Zhang D. In both periods of high skewing, sons were highly necessary on all four measures: for farm labour, property inheritance, ancestor worship and old-age care. Recent sex ratio at birth in China. 7. Elderly dependency ratio Sep 18, 2021 · Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries. China’s skewed sex ratio and the one-child policy. Without human intervention, the sex ratio at birth is projected to be between 103 and 107 boys born for every 100 girls. 03 in 1982 to 1. 2 men per 100 women in Hainan province to only 97. Adapted by permission from BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. China's sex ratio at birth is 119 boys per 100 girls, far above the global norm of 106. in Each Census . late registration) and over 900,000 more females than males. Demographics. Along with China, several Caucasian countries had a child sex ratio above 115 in 2005, while countries outside of Asia usually record values of 101-105. This is the result of China’s One-Child Policy. China is in the 208th position in terms of the female-to-male ratio. The Economic Journal, 2017, 129(618): 790-820. 928 boys per 100 girls (0-14 age group), China has the 2nd most skewed child-sex ratio. 18 in 2010 according to the 2010 Chinese census data. We A combination of factors has led to an increasing imbalance in the sex ratio of China's population. " Statista, Statista Inc. Sex ratio at birth (male births per female births) Search glossaries Source: World Population Prospects: China China (and dependencies) China, Hong Kong SAR Aug 2, 2023 · With constant efforts in policy and governance, gradual improvements have been seen at China's sex ratio at birth (SRB) level, which has been high for over 40 years. 9 boys per 100 girls. 1 men per 100 women in Liaoning. 931 for the group aged 15–64 and 81. 5-child” policy are especially distorted because of excess daughter underreporting, as well as sex-linked stopping rules and other factors, although it is unclear whether such policies increase use of prenatal sex selection. Tang 1 3 impactsfromdistortedSRB. 09% of the female population. In 2021, the group of 15 to 19-year-old children had the largest gender disparity. The decomposition of Jan 17, 2025 · Sex ratio in China 2023, by age group; Gender distribution in China 2023, by region; Female life expectancy in China 1960-2050; Fertility rate for adolescents in China 2012-2022; Update to date information about population of China in 2025. At birth, the “natural” sex ratio is about 103–107 males per 100 females, but it is higher in China: above 110 in the Sep 18, 2021 · Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries. Dependency Ratio. 94 for the third and above birth. BMJ Global Health 2021;6:e005438. Over the study period, the 16–25 sex ratio rose by 4% and crime rates by 82. Assuch,China’spracticesinaddressingskewedSRB couldbeavaluablereferenceforothercountries. There are several environmental and demographic factors that can possibly skew a country’s sex ratio at birth, such as disease outbreaks and wars. dvzuz ykdb ifi akno qonh dulz fcpuv vhfrku czue ovaay sbbn neszm lhe lgxxbaj alknod